Salinity Responsiveness in Finger Millet Analysis

Salinity Responsiveness in Finger Millet Analysis Introduction Salinity represents a strong limitation for agricultural production worldwide, especially in arid and semi-arid and restricts efficient utilization of available land resources. It is estimated that about 7% of world agricultural land that nearly one half of the total area of irrigated land could be adversely affected by salinization (Kosova 2013). Most of the cereal crops are sensitive to salinity and have limited amount of genetic variation for salinity tolerance in their germplasm. Hence genetic improvement of crops for their tolerance against salinity will be helpful in achieving targeted food production to meet the demands of growing population. Conventional plant breeding approaches have resulted in limited success in developing salt tolerant crop varieties due to multigenic nature of salt tolerance mechanisms and presence of low genetic variation in major crops. Another problem associated with conventional breeding is that if the gene is present in a wild relative of the crop, there is difficulty in transferring it to the domesticated cultivar, due to reproductive barriers and linkage drag. Recently, substantial progress in elucidation of salt tolerance mechanisms, especially salt ion signaling and transport, has been achieved due to utilization of modern genetic approaches and high-throughput methods of functional genomics. Genetic engineering has been demonstrated to be successful in developing salt tolerant crop plants (Zhang et al. 2001; Su and Wu 2004; Zhang et al. 2001). Genetic engineering strategies targeting various metabolic pathways viz., accumulation of osmolytes, antioxidant enzymes and up regulation of genes involved in stress responses like ion transporters, ion channels, transcriptional factors and various signaling pathway components have resulted in production of genetically modified crop plants exhibiting improved level of salinity tolerance (Turan et al. 2012). Identifying novel genes, analyzing their expression patterns in response to salt stress and determination of their potential functions in salt stress adaptation will provide the basis for effective genetic engineering strategies to enhance tolerance against salt stress (Cushman and Bohnert 2000). Responses against salinity stress involve many molecular processes such as ion homeostasis (membrane proteins involved in ionic transport), osmotic adjustment and water regime regulation (osmolytes) and scavenging of toxic compounds (Munns and Tester 2008). During recent years, considerable attention has been given towards elucidating the molecular basis of salt tolerance in crop plants. Several important pathways involved in salinity tolerance have been identified in model plants like Arabidopsis and rice (Zhu 2003; Walia et al. 2005; Cotsaftis et al. 2011). It is hypothesized that exploitation of halophytes or distantly related crops or wild progenitors of cereal food crops exhibiting superior levels of salinity tolerance may lead to identification of novel metabolic pathways/mechanisms/genes involved in modulating salinity stress tolerance in crop plants. Several research groups are working on understanding mechanisms of salinity tolerance in Pennisetum glaucum (Mishra et al. 2007), Avecinnia marina (Mehta et al. 2005), Porteresia coarctata (Garg et al. 2014) with a view to identify novel genes for genetic engineering of salinity tolerance in crop plants. But much more concerted efforts are needed to identify and exploit diverse crop species exhibiting superior level of salinity tolerance which will help in identifying novel genes associated with salinity tolerance. Finger millet (Eleusine coracanaL.) is an important minor cereal crop widely grown in Africa and Asia, known for its high degree of tolerance against drought, salinity and blast disease (Shailaja and Thirumeni 2007; Agarwal et al. 2011). Investigating the mechanisms and pathways involved in salt-tolerance of finger millet could facilitate better understanding of the molecular basis of salt tolerance and therefore enable the effective use of genetic and genomic approaches to improve salt tolerance in major cultivated crops. Although a wide range of significant physiological mechanisms and genetic adaptations to salinity stress has been observed, the underlying mechanisms of salt-tolerance in plants are still poorly understood. The best possible approach to explore tolerance mechanisms is to compare the components involved in stress response in tolerant as compared to sensitive plants. The other alternative to overcome this limitation would be to pick up some selected conserved genes w hich may be used to perform limited transcriptome analysis among the diverse genotypes. With this background, we planned to understand the physiological and molecular basis of salinity responsiveness in finger millet in comparison to the major cereal food crop, rice. Comparative physiological studies were conducted with a view to prove the superiority of finger millet genotypes over rice in terms of salinity tolerance. Two contrasting finger millet genotypes were used for physiological studies and expression analysis of already identified salinity responsive genes was done. This is the first study conducted to compare molecular basis of salinity tolerance in finger millet with rice. Material and Method Genetic Materials Used Seeds of two contrasting genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa) {FL478 (tolerant), White Ponni (Susceptible)} and finger millet (Eleusine coracona) {Trichy 1 (tolerant), CO12 (Susceptible)} in terms of salinity tolerance were evaluated for their responses against salinity stress under greenhouse conditions. Nucleus seeds of rice genotypes were obtained from Paddy Breeding Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India and finger millet genotypes were obtained from Millet Breeding Station of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. Effect of salinity stress during germination Contrasting genotypes of rice {FL478 (tolerant), White Ponni (Susceptible)} and finger millet {Trichy 1 (tolerant), CO12 (Susceptible)} genotypes were assessed for their ability to germinate under salinity stress. Twenty seeds of both rice and finger millet genotypes were allowed for germination under different concentrations of NaCl solutions (0 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, 200 mM NaCl solution) in petri-dishes with adequate replications. Germination percentage was calculated based on the number of seeds successfully germinated and vigor index was calculated based on the shoot length and root length on 10th day of germination. Effect of salinity stress during vegetative stage Imposition of salinity stress Contrasting genotypes of rice and finger millet genotypes (three seedlings per pot) were grown in perforated pots of 15 cm diameter and 20 cm height (having 3–5 mm holes on the side walls and bottom) filled with 2 kg of field soil mixed with required amount of fertilizer [1.25 g of (NH4)2SO4, 0.08 g Muriate of potash (KCl), and 0.08 g single superphosphate (SSP)]. Three pots were placed inside a large tray containing irrigation water and grown up to 20 days under greenhouse conditions. Plants were grown during June–August when air temperature ranged from 26 to 34  °C during the day and from 20 to 27  °C during the night and relative humidity ranged from 60 to 80 %. Salinity stress was imposed on 21st day when plant has reached to 5 leaf stage by adding desired concentrations of NaCl viz. 150 mM and 300 mM along with suitable control pots irrigated with normal water. Progression of salinity stress was monitored by periodically measuring the electrical conductivity (E C) of soil (from pot) and water (collected from tray) samples collected from both control and salinity stressed trays. Physiological and biochemical responses of contrasting rice and finger millet genotypes under salinity stress Contrasting genotypes of rice viz., FL478 (tolerant) and White Ponni (susceptible) and finger millet viz., CO 12 (susceptible) and Trichy 1 (tolerant) were evaluated for their physiological and biochemical responses viz., osmotic tolerance ability, salt accumulation pattern and sugar accumulation pattern during salinity stress. Measurement of Osmotic tolerance ability For assessing the osmotic tolerance ability of contrasting rice and finger millet genotypes, freshly emerged leaf (5-6cm) was marked and increase in leaf length was measured at every 24hrs interval during the initial 6 days of salinity stress along with control plants. Terminal leaf elongation rate per day (24 h) was calculated based on the observations recorded. Salt accumulation pattern Salt (Na+ and K+) uptake, transport and accumulation pattern of contrasting rice and finger millet genotypes was assessed by determining the (Na+ and K+) contents in shoots and top 3 leaves collected under normal and salinity stress conditions. Tissue samples collected at 21 DAS (days after stress) were washed with de-ionized water, dried in a hot air oven (70  °C) and then ground into fine powder. Ground samples were digested with triple acid mixture (sulfuric acid, perchloric acid and nitric acid in the ratio 9:2:1 v/v). Na+ and K+) concentrations in the triple acid digested extract were estimated using Flame Photometer (Elico, CL378). Determination of total soluble sugar content Total soluble sugar (TSS) content in the top three leaves of control and salinity stressed plants (21 days after stress) of contrasting rice and finger millet genotypes was determined using anthrone reagent method (Yemm and Willis 1954). Fresh leaf sample (100 mg) was ground in liquid nitrogen and pigments were removed using acetone extraction. TSSs were extracted in 80 % ethanol and were estimated by the anthrone reagent method using glucose as the standard. Other physiological responses of contrasting finger millet genotypes to salinity stress Gas exchange parameters were recorded in the third leaf (from top) of control and salinity stressed plants of rice and finger millet genotypes between 1000 hours and 1200 noon at 11 DAS (days after stress) using LI-COR 6400-XT photosynthesis system (LI-COR Biosciences, Nebraska, USA). The instrument was set with the following conditions: photo-synthetically active radiation 1,500  µmol of photon m−2s−1; ambient levels of CO2 and temperature; leaf area 3 cm2 and flow rate of 500  µmol s−1. RNA isolation, Northern blotting and hybridization Expression analysis of already reported salinity responsive candidate genes in response to salinity stress in the leaves of contrasting rice and finger millet genotypes were studied by northern blotting. Top 3 leaves of both rice and finger millet genotypes were collected and frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen from both control and stressed plant (300mM NaCl) when susceptible rice variety viz. White Ponni has shown salinity symptoms i.e., 11 days after salinity stress. Total RNA was isolated from stressed and control leaf samples using One Step RNA Reagent (Biobasic Inc., Canada) as per manufacturer’s protocol. The integrity of RNA was assessed by formaldehyde agarose gel electrophoresis. Total RNA was quantified using Nanodrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA). 20ug of RNA mixed with RNA loading dye (1:1) was denatured at 75à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C for 10mins and separated on denaturing agarose gel as described by Streit et al. (2008). The gel was stained with ethidium bromide and photographed. Gel was processed and RNAs were transferred to positively charged nylon membrane (Pal Corporation) using 20XSSC buffer. After capillary transfer to the membrane, RNAs were fixed by exposing the membrane to UV cross linker (Hoeffer, Piscataway). DNA fragment of candidate genes to be used as probe were isolated from rice cloned in pTZ57R TA cloning vector and confirmed by sequencing. Double-stranded probes were radioactively labelled with (ÃŽ ±-32P) dCTP using DecaLabel DNA Labeling kit (Fermentas) and probes were purified using Sephadex G-50 spin column (GE Healthcare). Radiolabelled probes were denatured on boiling water bath snap cooled on ice and used for hybridization as described by Streit et al. (2008). RNA blots were pre-hybridized in ULTRAhyb ® at 45à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C for 4–8 h. The blots were hybridized with 32P-labelled denatured probes at 45à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °Cfor 20 h in the same but fresh buffer. The blots were initially w ashed at room temperature with 2XSSC and 0.1% SDS followed by twice wash with 1XSSC and 0.1%SDS at 45à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C for 20 min each. The blots were initially washed at room temperature with 2XSSC and 0.1% SDS for 30 min and then washed with different stringencies for different probes to decrease background. Hybridized membrane were dried on blotting paper and exposed to Kodak XAE-5 film with cassette having Kodak intensifying screen for 1–6 d. The resulting radiograms were scanned in an LKB 2201 densitometric scanner. Results Effect of salinity stress on rice and finger millet genotypes during germination stage Screening of contrasting genotypes of both rice and finger millet against salinity stress at germination stage revealed the superiority of finger millet over rice in terms of salinity tolerance at germination stage. At lower concentration of salinity stress (i.e 50mM NaCl) the susceptible genotypes of both finger millet (CO12) and rice (White ponni) has shown better germination percentage and vigor index as compared to tolerant genotypes. Tolerant rice genotype FL478 was found to possess better germination percentage (35 ±2.9%) and vigor index (128.2 ±10.6) in comparison to susceptible White Ponni where germination percent and vigor index was found to be 16.7 ±1.7% and 70.9 ±7.1 respectively. Both finger millet genotypes i.e. CO12 and Trichy1 has shown almost similar germination percent and vigor index at 100mM of NaCl stress. Both rice genotypes (viz. FL476 and White Ponni) did not show any germination beyond 100 mM NaCl stress (Table 1); whereas both susceptible (CO12) and tolerant (Trichy 1) finger millet genotypes were able to germinate even at 300 mM NaCl stress (Table 1). At 300 mM NaCl stress Trichy 1 has shown better germination percent (40.0 ±1.6) and vigor index (32.0 ±1.3) as compared to CO 12 germination percent (24.4 ±0.9) and vigor index 24.4 ±0.9.

With reference to empirical examples, explore the everyday activities of different groups of migrant workers in (re)producing processes of ‘globalisation’

Globalisation is most commonly known as the process that combines international practices, falling into various strands consisting of â€Å"politics, economics and culture as well as mediated communications† as stated by Marsella and Ring (in Kofman and Youngs, 2003: 3). There are many definitions of globalization that are widely recognized in our present day, the most common, which I will be referring to in this essay, being that of greater economic integration by the increased unity of our world, also known as ‘Economic Globalisation'. Harrison (2007:35) refers to Economic Globalisation as â€Å"increases in trade, foreign investment, and migration† and according to the Global Education Program, within the past few years, the improvement of technologies and ‘reduction of barriers' has meant that the level of exchange between people and countries in terms of ‘goods, services, knowledge and cultures' is ever increasing at speedy rates. As migration falls into a factor of economic globalization, in this essay, I plan to explore how migration influences globalization and the impact it is having on the migrants themselves, also taking into account the social dimension of globalization in terms of how it affects the migrant's identities socially and culturally. Being one of the most passionately debated issues in politics today, Globalization is often split in outlook, with those ‘for' and those ‘against' the phenomena. The positive believers of Globalization argue it is the foundation for solving problems of high unemployment and poverty worldwide, whilst others believe it is rather the catalyst of these issues. In terms of the benefits of Globalisation on an international scale, Dinello and Squire (2005; xv) states â€Å"the proponents of globalization often point to its three-fold beneficial impact, with positive implications for equity: 1) stimulating trade and economic growth, 2) reducing poverty without rise in inequality and 3) contributing to economic and political stability†¦ and statistics provided strongly support these claims. For example, Uganda in 1990 had its poverty rates fall by around 40 per cent whilst its rate of school enrolment doubled in numbers (Dinello and Squire, 2005:xv). However, those who are â€Å"anti-Globalisation† equate the process as having negative impacts such as inequality by only creating economic growth in selected countries as well as increasing the rate of vulnerability in countries and people. Used as an example is China, which has had a remarkable success since entry into the ‘global economy†, however, this success has been accompanied by an â€Å"unparalleled rise in the country's within-country inequality† (Dinello and Squire, 2005:xvi) Migration, as stated by Marsella and Ring (in Adler and Gielen, 2008:11), refers to â€Å"the act or process by which people, especially as a group, move from one location†¦ to another† being a procedure that has been an ‘inherent part of human existence' from early centuries, it is now a central form of our ‘global flow of persons, goods, practices and ideas'. According to the International Organization of Migration (IOM) migration is currently viewed as being one of the most ‘defining global issues' in our present day, with around 192 million people living outside their place of birth in 2005, accounting to be roughly 3 percent of the worlds overall population. The annual growth rate of migration being around 2. 9 percent, however, it should be noted that this rate has stayed constant over the past 30 years (Van Hear, N. nd Nyberg-Sirensen, N, 2006). In continuation, an important factor that Marsella and Ring (2008) raise is the ideology that the movement of migration arises from what can be referred to as â€Å"push and pull† factors. Putting it into perspective, the pull factors of migration being the option of ‘new possibilities, ‘rewards' and ‘hope' as a majority of migrants leave their country of origin to increase their economic prospects and be reacquainted with family and friends. On the other hand, the push factors, which cause migrants to leave their home countries being that of â€Å"a sense of danger, discontentment and boredom† or avoiding dangers of persecution in their home countries (in Adler and Gielen, 2008:11). Van Hear, N. and Nyberg-Sirensen, N (2003: 51) state â€Å"The ratio of real income per head in the richest countries to the poorest rose from 10:1 in 1900 to 60:1 by 2000. Such disparities in living standards and the lack of development options in developing countries are at the root of much migration. † Western Europe, North America and Australia are more recognized as the preferred locations by all migrants ranging from the lower class, asylum seekers and skilled professionals. However, despite migrants personal beliefs of achieving better lives, historically, migratory workers are most typically known to have very low economic status due to their low pay, often living in ghettos and suffering from relative poverty due to migrants being â€Å"sources of cheap labour†, vulnerable to abuse, exploitation and mistreatment (Adler and Gielen, 2008:11). Frequently, workers from developing countries such as Bangladesh and Vietnam are lured to developed countries with the illusions of being provided with better economic status through higher wages and improved employment only to arrived and be subjected to wages below the minimum and inhuman working hours. Marsella and Ring (in Adler and Gielen, 2008:11), referred to this as ‘modern-day slavery', as often these migrant workers can not â€Å"escape, and if they try may be assaulted or killed (as)†¦ Many are illegal immigrants†¦ and have no one to turn to for assistance† The process of Migration, however, has an impact not only on those directly involved but also on their host country, the biggest benefit, being the transfer of skills and labour as countries can invite migrants to fill in the gaps in their labour markets. In addition, they introduce new cultures, increase workforce competition but can also have negative impacts such as increasing strains on the host's economy if claiming government benefits. Although Migration is a key element greatly influenced by Globalisation, it is found that â€Å"Discussions of Globalisation rarely consider international migration at all†¦ † (Stalker, 2000;1). In terms of how migration relates to Globalisation, Taran (1999) implies that this new age of Globalization is â€Å"now generating a new configuration of forces promoting migration† (Adler and Gielen 2008:13) and states seven reasons for current Globalisation influenced migration, some of which being â€Å"aspects of Globalisation such as unemployment and culture conflict†,† development-induced migration† and â€Å"large-scale corruption. This being highly portrayed in the fact that increases in â€Å"forced migration† is present as the number of â€Å"illegal immigrants showing up throughout the world and requesting asylum† is on the increase. An example being that of hundreds of illegal migrants that had to be declined entry into Australia via Indonesia typifies (Adler and Gielen 2008:15). There are a lot of misconceptions about the current trends in migration and development, Van Hear and Nyberg-Sirensen (2003: 51) argue that â€Å"the popular conception that the poor are migrating from the (Global) South to the (Global) North is unfounded†. In fact it is shown that â€Å"most migration is among developing countries rather then from the developing world to the developed†. An important fact they raise is that of the lack financial resources that ‘the poorest of the poor† have, which is ‘1. 2 billion people living on less than US$1 a day' as well as adequate network connections, they simply can not afford the cost of ‘Inter-continental migration'. The ideology of migrant workers being predominantly in the unskilled work sector is also debatable. A good example of being Switzerland, which, due to a raise in economic expansion and the need for workers to fill the labour shortages, signed foreign labour recruitment agreements and now is classed as having one of the highest immigration rates on the continent. Similar to most European countries, Switzerland has and continues to take advantage of the available labour in other countries to ensure economic growth. In Accordance with the 2000 census, over 22% of its total population were foreign born. In continuation, although the beliefs are that migrants tend to have low status jobs, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) state that in 2001, the highest number of foreign workers were â€Å"in the areas of commerce, banking and insurance† in Switzerland, which was a figure just over 24%, next was metalwork and machinery (15. 8%) (OECD, 2004; 36). The statistics suggest traditional views of migrants being low-end workers may be rather a narrow viewpoint, especially in terms of countries within the European Union. In saying this however, although the lack of available statistics makes it difficult to assess the skill levels of foreign workers in Switzerland, statistics of available data does suggest that a high majority of foreign workers are unskilled in relation to Swiss Nationals. A high 36% percent of Foreign nationals leaving school after compulsory education, in comparison to only 18% for Swiss nationals (OECD, 2004). Migration has positive effects on two levels,Van Hear, N. nd Nyberg-Sirensen, N describe this as the ‘family level' and the ‘community level'. The family level being the fact that migration can help people gain access to better housing increased household earnings and advanced healthcare and educational opportunities. Van Hear, N. and Nyberg-Sirensen, N 2003: 52) argue the â€Å"positive effects may spread to the wider community and society, preventing the decline of rural communities or collapse of national economies†. In terms of the community level, â€Å"migrants' hometown associations (HTAs) may serve as platforms resulting in significant development, such as improvements in local health, education, sanitation, and infrastructure conditions, benefiting migrant and non-migrant households. â€Å". Van Hear, N. and Nyberg-Sirensen, N argue however that a major drawback of migration is that the negative impact faced by the ‘sending community' if a majority of their skilled labour force is sent abroad, this devaluing the countries labour market. Nevertheless, through remittances this disadvantage can be overlooked, as it allows surpluses to be sent back to home families. Studies have shown that remittances generally contribute to a raise in trade levels, income distribution and economic growth, Kavita Datta et al (2007: 46) refers to the â€Å"growing focus on financial remittances as potential drivers of development† where in a recent report made by the World Bank, â€Å"officially recorded remittances to the developing world in 2005 were US$167 billion, a dramatic increase from US$31. 2 billion in 1990† Therefore making remittance â€Å"the second-largest capital ? w – behind foreign direct investment†. Remittances have a great impact on those in developing countries as they provide immediate financial support. Manuel Orozco (2002) argues that the function of recent family remittances is a vital sign of Globalisation in Central America and the Caribbean. Manuel (2002) states â€Å"family remittances are currently one of the most important forms of linkage among emigrants Latinos and Latin America† confirming that â€Å"Many Latin American countries find family remittances an important source of national income† (Manuel, 2002;46). Din (2006) stated â€Å"remittances continue to play an important part in the link between ‘prosperous' British Pakistanis and those relatives who still depend on remittances†. It is especially important for many households, as it is a direct form of financial resources and therefore has a greater impact then other resource flows (N. and Nyberg-Sirensen, N 2003: 53). Datta et al (2007; 53) refers to a care worker from Jamaica who regularly sent money back home and a man who has taken on the role of a ‘transnational father' sending home not only financial remittances for his children but also various needed resources. On the other hand, As beneficial as remittances are they are also selective and do not benefit the wider community, tending to be most advantageous to those from better-off households who have the initial capital to send that family member abroad (N. and Nyberg-Sirensen, N, 2003). Din (2006; 25) points out that it mainly only benefits the immediate family and in relation to Pakistanis â€Å"despite the increase in financial resources for some lower caste families, they still remained in the same caste†, meaning they still faced the same judgments. The cultural impact migrants have on Globalisation is highly evident in Britain today, where we have a high range of various ethnic minority and exceedingly multi-cultural communities, creating a versatile and vibrant society, full of a vast range of cultures and identities. Often migrant's practices, customs and branches of their original culture are brought over and recreated in their host countries, an empirical example being that of Chinatown in London's West End. Although there are many advantages of cultural migrant impacts, feelings of hatred can arise and prompt social conflicts. Moses (2008:176) argues that while â€Å"many people are willing to embrace the economic and political gains from globalization, there is a persistent fear that globalization undermines national cultures and identities. † A multicultural society may be seen as quite threatening to those native-born citizens of the host countries. Engels (in Ikhlaq Din, 2006:29) states â€Å"migration has always been a controversial issue both socially and politically. During periods of mass migration to the UK white and non-white migrants faced hostility when looking for employment and housing†. However, In Margaret Brearly's (2007) article â€Å"THE ANGLICAN CHURCH, JEWS AND BRITISH MULTICULTURALISM† she states the statistics collected from a mori poll for the BBC in August 2005, soon after the London July bombings showed that although 32% of the population thought that multiculturalism â€Å"threatens the British way of life†, 62% believed that â€Å"multiculturalism makes Britain a better place to live. Its can be argued that Migration causes the involved individuals to lose their own culture in some cases. For example, Margaret Brearly's (2007) refers to ‘Other commentators' that have argued that multicultulist policies that have failed to â€Å"to promote formal learning of English, prevent integration† which has caused â€Å"inter-ethnic tensions and ghettoization into separate enclaves with high unemployment and social alienation. (75% of Pakistani and Bangladeshi families are classified as living in poverty, while 35% of Muslim children live in ‘workless' homes)†¦ In this, following this concept, through the movement of increased migration and globalization as a whole, there would be greater harmonization, which could evidentially lead to one overall shared culture worldwide. Datta et al (2006; 48) state it is evident that the process of migration is becoming a highly influential factor for the functioning of global cities such as London, â€Å"arguably creating a ‘migrant division of labour' (May et al. , 2006)†. Work Permits (UK) has facilitated the application process so for example, foreign students studying the United Kingdom have the ability to apply for a work permit immediately after they graduate, whereas previously they were required to return to their home country before application (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2004) Datta et al (2007) quotes Ratha (2003) in stating â€Å"there has also been a major shift in recent years in the way in which Northern governments view migration†. For a start, a number of governments and IFIs now agree that migration contributes to economic growth both nationally and globally†. In â€Å"International migration† by Jonathon Moses (2006; 159) he refers to two groups of migrant home countries, those with a â€Å"relatively small, but poorly paid workforce† and those with a â€Å"limitless supply of cheap unskilled labour†. The latter group being that of countries such as Bangladesh and India, which have an infinite amount of cheap ‘unskilled labour'. In these countries, it is expectant to find government incentives and ‘targeted government institutions' to encourage ‘migration, remittances and repatriation'. Moses (2006) goes on to explain that in the countries without excess surplus of labour, emigration can reduce the nations already limited supply of labour, not all negative however, â€Å"this increased scarcest brings with it greater influence and a better price†. Therefore internationally it can be argued that migration has lead to improvements in both the Global South and North as Harrison (2007) argues that poverty in the South falls for two reasons, firstly â€Å"the migration of capital to poor countries raises wages in poor countries, and the migration of unskilled labor from poor to rich nations raises the income of both the migrants and those workers who remain behind† (Harrison, 2007; 112). However it is also important to note that many developing countries face what Moses (2006) refers to as â€Å"brain drain† which was first used to refer to the Indian Economy. During the 1970s to 1980s it was found that the ‘entire graduating classes' from elite Indian institutes of technology emigrated, many achieving financial success abroad (Moses; 2006). Africa being the worst disadvantaged, as it suffered from a shortage of labour, a substantially high number of doctors trained in Ghana during the 1980s left the country, according to the UNDP's 1992 Human Development report, the figure was at least 60 per cent. The shortage of labour therefore, leading to a stunt in economic development (Moses 2006). However, Moses (2006; 174) suggested that in the long run these home countries could benefit from the ‘brain-drain' thesis as first generation â€Å"brain-drain migrants have managed to build technology bridges that span the divide separating developing and developed worlds. † Once the bridges are created these individuals can then return back to their countries and capitalizes on investments that have been made in education and human ‘capital development' (Moses 2006; 174). To conclude the main influence migrants have on Globalisation is through remittances, by supplying their families back home with financial support they aid in lowering the rate of poverty. In addition, if remittance funding is used for capital generation it aids in creating an increase in the home countries economic growth. However, due to the nature of remittances being selective, it is not beneficial to all and could be argued promotes further inequality, especially within developing countries. In addition, the low working conditions and personal sacrifices these workers make to be able to remit needs to be put into consideration. What needs to promoted is the economic development of the Global South, which would decrease the incentives to migrate as, in accordance with Stalker (2000;10) â€Å"In theory Globalization should eventually make countries economically more equivalent so people should not need to move around the world searching for work† . More development policies are needed and perhaps the advancement in Globalisation is needed, as the exposing of developing economies to the Global world, through competition, will create efficiency and productivity. The detrimental effects of unsuccessful migration also needs to be taken into account, in cases where migrants are not contributive to taxes and drain on government revenue and in terms of culture where native-born citizens feel threatened. All in all, i feel for migration to have an influential impact on Globalisation trade and foreign investment must also be taken into account, as migration is only one factor. Secondly for a positive impact, migration must be controlled and efficiently regulated.

The Ugly Secret of Argumentative Essay Samples for Teachers

The Ugly Secret of Argumentative Essay Samples for Teachers A Secret Weapon for Argumentative Essay Samples for Teachers Only when people are entirely well prepared to cause their actions, democracy will prove itself as the absolute most efficient method of running a nation. A lot of people find writing as an effective approach to share their thoughts and opinions. A good deal of individuals are anti-Semitic, anti-Muslim, anti-gay marriage, and so forth. Even in the event the teachers were permitted to carry a hand held gun, things could fail. Even when you're writing an informative essay, it's still true that you have the job of attempting to convince your audience that the info is vital. Following are some simple strategies to direct you in deciding on the great persuasive essay topic for you. Choosing topics is an individual skill that you ought to learn and practice at school, so quit procrastinating and stick to the simple tips below to be able to think of fresh ideas and make a great topic to work on. Otherwise, you've got to consider about choosing another topic. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's essential to at all times be critically considering the world around us. The persuasive essay is about changing a person's mind. Argumentative essays are rather typical in academic writing and are frequently a significant part writing in all disciplines. Writing argumentative essays requires a great deal of time to finish, especially when you don't have an assigned topic. Argumentative Essay Samples for Teachers - What Is It? A great argument demands the usage of logic and irrefutable evidence. Second, outlining your points of argument beforehand will help to make sure that your persuasive essay is going to be structured logically around your ideas. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most crucial point to do is to select a topic and an argument that you could really get behind. Whether it's an argumentative or expository essay which you are writing, it is vital to develop a cl ear thesis statement and a crystal clear sound reasoning. It is crucial to check reviews about essay writing services in order to be confident they can deliver your task before the deadline. You may take a look at the extra details on the best way to compose an eye-catching essay introduction with a hook. Try to remember, your major argumentative points ought to be driving your essay. On-line documents There are sample argument essays that may be accessed through internet links. Type of Argumentative Essay Samples for Teachers Essay writing per se is no simple undertaking to do. An Argumentative Essay comprises the next. It is an impossible task to develop the powerful, persuasive paper or speech without understanding how to compose a fantastic argumentative essay. Before writing an argumentative essay, there's one important thing you should know. The essay should have a little structure, unlike a normal essay. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. It does not include unsubstantiated opinions. It is crucial to be aware an argumentative essay and an expository essay could possibly be similar, but they vary greatly in regard to the quantity of pre-writing and research involved. Homework ought to be banned for the majority of students. Writing has existed for quite a lengthy time. Argumentative Essay Samples for Teachers Secrets Writing service companies Professional writing business will provide completely free samples of their work to entice clients. Folks feel the need, not just for primary essentials, like a slice of bread and a roof above their heads, but in addition for many facilities and luxuries. Our consumer writing services are constructed around the idea of providing quality argumentative essays and being the ideal sample writing service on the web. F. Bacon The m ain intention of the capital isn't to get as much money as possible, yet to guarantee that money results in a better life.

Imperialism and China - 2269 Words

Imperialism’s effects on China has always been controversial and debatable. Andrew Nathan’s article on Imperialism’s Effects on China explains imperialism’s positive contributions to modern day China and defends the theory that China’s difficulties are caused by internal factors rather than external. On the other hand, Joseph Esherick’s Harvard on China: The Apologetics of Imperialism argues that China’s economic and social disruptions are caused by imperialism. However, when one examines the evidence chosen and rhetoric of both sides, one may realize the faults in Nathan’s essay which are not shown in Esherick’s. Esherick, as opposed to Nathan, delivers his arguments and defends his stance in a well-rounded manner along with wise usage of†¦show more content†¦However, he does agree with Nathan on one positive effect of imperialism: â€Å"the very struggle to eliminate the economic, political, social, and psycho logical vestiges of imperialism produced the basis of sustained, self-reliant economic and political growth.† A thorough analysis of the weaknesses and strengths of each essay is necessary to prove that one side is more convincing. Nathan has two main strengths, the first is laying out the historical background. He mentions the six institutions established by the foreign nations – the treaty ports, spheres of influence, other restrictions on Chinese sovereignty, the financial drain, the missionary invasion. Under each topic, he acknowledges the negative impacts they had on China; for instance, â€Å"the atmosphere of the treaty ports were strongly racist†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"the treaties involved China in financial obligations to foreigners that were crippling to government finance.† With this evidence, the readers gain a brief understanding of the historical background. His second strength is clarity. He responds to and outlines the propositions made by his opp onents. He begins by responding to economic arguments on mass pauperization, then to the assumption of stifling economic growth in the late Qing dynasty, and the statement that imperialism causedShow MoreRelatedImperialism in India and China1234 Words   |  5 PagesBritish imperialism in China and India brought very different responses, in part because of the nature of imperialism in each place. While both regions were greatly influenced by the British, in India the country was placed under the direct rule of the Queen. 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The result of these wars was the weakening of the Qing Dynasty and led to a time of rebuilding, which was a great struggleRead More British Imperialism in India and China Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesBritish Imperialism in India and China Imperialism is the domination of a weaker country by a stronger country. For instance Britain dominated India and China in the mid 1880s to the beginning of the 20th century. Imperialism has had both a positive and negative effects on the countries involved. Britain was imperialistic for many reasons, it could dominate because it had the technology and power to do so. They also needed land to acquire raw materials for growing markets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One countryRead MoreImpact Of Western Imperialism On China And Japan1652 Words   |  7 PagesWestern incursion into China and Japan is a key factor as to how these countries developed economically and socially. 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During the 1800s and the early 1900s, both China and Japan wereRead MoreNew Imperialism Influence on China Essay586 Words   |  3 Pagesof western powers, China was very stable, agricultural, and ethnocentric. They had many factories that produced silk, cotton, and porcelain with their natural resources: salt, tin, silver, and iron mines. They had no interest of trade or interaction with foreigners. From the early eighteenth century, European and American Imperialism spread throughout China with a goal to extend their nation’s power. China was one of many territories that undertook the changes of New Imperialism. By 1912, the countryRead MoreImperialism Spread Of China And The Opium War1498 Words   |  6 PagesWhen imperialism spread to China: Events leading to the Opium War Have you ever wondered what it would be like if an event in history ceased to happen or the effect of a slight change in the past and if it would drastically change the future? Like the butterfly affect? I recently came across some historical text about China. During the time of imperialism, a major shift had happened in China that caused an entire dynasty to fall. The collapse caused a half century long recovery period and a changeRead MoreChina And Japan During The Age Of Imperialism2077 Words   |  9 Pages Pavin Kaler 211347747 April 16th, 2015 Professor Joe Kispal-Kovacs Modern Era Comparative Essay China and Japan in the Age of Imperialism 1 LENGTH: 2000-2500 words (7-8 pages) Explore secondary scholarly sources outside of your course textbooks. You must develop a thesis statement, undertake scholarly research, and integrate your findings into an argumentativeRead MoreAge of Imperialism: Japan China Essay examples1170 Words   |  5 Pagesturbulent time of western imperialism and a major Asian power shift. European powers and the United States had a destabilizing effect on the region and the choices Japan and China made in response their imposing expansion was a major contributor to the trajectory of their respective futures. Social factors, such as the differences in national and religious unity, also played a role in the how the two nations emerged from the Age of Imperialism. European trade with China was historically restrictedRead MoreHow Western Imperialism Affects China and Japan Essay646 Words   |  3 PagesHow Western Imperialism affects China and Japan China and Japan had very different experiences with Western Imperialism . Their reactions to western interference would lay a foundation for their destiny in a world that was rapidly progressing forward , leaving the traditional world behind . China viewed themselves as totally self sufficient , superior , and the only truly civilized land in a barbarous world. They were inward looking and were encouraged by the conservative Confucianistic beliefs

Politics And Regulatory Guidelines For Mental Health Care

Politics And Regulatory Guidelines In 2008, legislation on mental health care changed. Coinsurance for mental health services decreased from a staggering 50% co-payment for outpatient mental health services to the usual 20% co-payment for other medical services (Touhy Jett, 2011). Mental health services are now covered under the Medicare Part B services, which is regulated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services. Dementia has a large psychological component, which requires mental health services. The passage of this legislation will significantly improve access of care for the outpatient dementia patient (Touhy Jett, 2011). Access to inpatient care is limited to a lifetime maximum of 190 days (Touhy Jett, 2011). Dementia is a chronic disorder and will require more than 190 days of treatment in the advanced stage of the disease process. Many dementia patients may eventually be institutionalized. Long term care facilities are very expensive. Patients without long term car e insurance or another type of insurance to supplement Medicare may become financially burdened. The Affordable Care Act has enacted several programs to benefit geriatric patients without the financial means to support themselves in a long term care setting or home health care. The following are programs provided by the Medicaid program: Home and Community-Based Services State Plan Option, Community First Choice, State Balancing Incentive Payments Program, Money Follows the Person (MFP),Show MoreRelatedA Time Of Rapid Industrialization1713 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s golden paint, or industrialization, was hiding all the economic and social problems on the inside. Although the Gilded Age brought along great advances in industrialization, it brought many new problems that were never experienced before. The politics of this time period came up short when it came to dealing with the economic and social issues it faced. 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The Forbidden Game The Chase Chapter 11 Free Essays

The kitchen was empty. A trickle of water ran out of the faucet, and there was an odd, sharp smell. Sitting grotesquely in the middle of the green linoleum floor was a paper doll. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 11 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was folded to allow it to sit, and one arm was twisted up to give it a mockingly casual air. As if Audrey were saying: â€Å"Here I am. Where have you been?† It was obscene. Tom’s hands were on Jenny’s shoulders, trying to calm her. She wrenched away from him and picked the macabre little figure up. It was the doll Audrey had used in the Game, her playing piece in the paper house. Audrey herself had drawn the face, had colored in the hair and clothes with Joey’s crayons. Jenny hadn’t seen it since she’d packed it up with the rest of the Game in the white box. She realized suddenly that it hadn’t been in Angela’s toolshed None of the dolls had. The waxy face looked up at Jenny with a terrible cunning smile. A U of bright pink. As if this doll knew what had happened to the real Audrey, and was glad about it. â€Å"Oh, God-God,† Jenny was gasping, almost sobbing. The doll crumpled in her hand. Everything in the kitchen was wavering. â€Å"I don’t believe it,† Michael said, pushing past the others. â€Å"Where is she?† He stared at Jenny, grabbed her arm. â€Å"Where is she?† Tom grabbed Michael. â€Å"Let go of her.† â€Å"Where’s Audrey?† â€Å"I said, let go of her!† Dee’s voice rang out dangerously. â€Å"Cool off, both of you!† â€Å"But how did she get out of the kitchen?† Michael said wildly. â€Å"We were right around the corner-we didn’t hear anything. Nothing could have happened to her. We were right there.† Dee was kneeling on the floor, running her fingers across the linoleum. â€Å"It’s darker here-see? This whole area is darker. And it smells burned.† Jenny could see it now, a circle of darker green several feet in diameter. Tom was still gripping Michael, but his voice was quiet. â€Å"You didn’t see that thing on the beach-that void, Mike. It didn’t make any noise at all. That’s how she got out of the kitchen.† ‘†In the midst of the word she was trying to say,/ In the midst of her laughter and glee,'† Zachary quoted, behind them. Jenny turned sharply to see him standing there. With his thin, intense face and his dark-circled eyes, he looked like a prophet of doom. But when his gray eyes met Jenny’s, she knew he cared. He was still holding the poem. The last of the cloudiness in Jenny’s head vanished. Tears and hysterics weren’t going to help Audrey. They weren’t going to help anyone. She looked down at the crumpled paper doll in her hand. It was her fault. Audrey had fallen into a black hole, and it was Jenny’s fault, just as Summer’s death had been. But Audrey wasn’t dead yet. â€Å"I’ll find her,† Jenny said softly to the paper thing she held. â€Å"I’ll find her, and then I’ll rip you to pieces. I’m going to win this Game.† It went on smiling its cunning waxy smile, bland and malevolent. Michael was sniffling and rubbing his nose. Dee was investigating the floor like an ebony huntress. â€Å"It’s like the marks a UFO might leave,† she said. â€Å"When it lands, I mean. A perfect circle.† â€Å"Or a fairy ring,† Michael said thickly. â€Å"She was so scared of that kind of stuff-legend stuff, you know?† Tom patted him on the back. â€Å"The Erlking,† Jenny said grimly. She reached across Tom to grip the sleeve of Michael’s sweatshirt. â€Å"But we got her back from him last time, MichaeL We’ll get here back now.† Dee stood in one fluid, graceful motion. â€Å"I think we’d all better stay together from now on,† she said. Zach had moved up behind Jenny. The five of them were together, standing in one connected knot in the center of the kitchen. Jenny felt herself draw strength from all the others. â€Å"We can sleep in the living room,† Michael said. â€Å"On the floor. We can push the furniture back.† They raided the bedrooms for blankets and mattresses and found sleeping bags in the closet. In the bathroom Jenny stripped off her golden dress and put on an old sweatsuit of Michael’s. She jammed the shimmering material in the laundry hamper, never wanting to see it again. It scared her to be alone even for a minute. But we haven’t had another clue, she thought. He can’t do anything else without another clue. It wouldn’t be fair. â€Å"It wouldn’t be sporting,† she said through her teeth to the wall. It had suddenly occurred to her that Julian might be able to hear her. To see her, even-he’d watched her from the shadows for years. It was a disturbing thought, to know that no place was private, but right now Jenny hoped he was listening. â€Å"It’s no Game at all if we don’t have a chance,† she told the wall softly but fiercely. In the living room she sat down on a mattress next to Tom. He put an arm around her, and she rested against him, glad of his warmth and solidity. If there was one tiny comfort in all of this, it was that Tom was with her again. She snuggled into his arm and shut her eyes. This was where she could forget about Julian-forget about everything dark and terrible. Tom’s strong warm hand clasped hers, held tightly. Then she felt the pressure released and sensed the change in Tom’s body. Tension flooding in. He was holding her hand up, looking at it. No, not at her hand. At the ring. The golden band which had felt like ice on her’ finger earlier that night had warmed to her bodj temperature. She hadn’t even noticed it for hours. Now, horrified, she snatched her hand back from Tom’s. She tried to pull the ring off. It wouldn’t come. Soap, she thought. She pulled frantically, twisting the circlet, reddening her finger. Soap or butter orIt was no good. She knew without even trying. The ring was on to stay. She could do anything she liked, but it wouldn’t come off until Julian wanted it to. If she could have gotten it off, she might have been able to change tie words inside-and Julian would never risk that He’d said that speaking and writing words made them true. He would never take the chance that Jenny might change the words and change her fate. â€Å"We’re going to win the Game,† she said to the shuttered darkness in Tom’s eyes. â€Å"When we win, I’m free of my promise.† She said it almost pleadingly-but Tom’s face remained closed. He’d gone away again, leaving a polite stranger in nil place. â€Å"We’d better get to sleep,† he said and turned to his own pile of blankets. Jenny was left sitting there, feeling the inscription on the inside of the ring as if the letters were burning their way into her skin. Nothing is as frightening as waking up and not knowing who you are, not knowing it’s you waking. It happened to Jenny Sunday morning. She opened her eyes and didn’t know which direction was which. She didn’t know her place in the world, where she was in time and space. Then she remembered. Michael’s living room. They were there because of Julian. She sat up so suddenly that it made her dizzy, and she frantically looked for the others. They were all there. Michael was curled almost in a ball under his blanket; Dee was sprawled lazily on the couch like a sleeping lioness. Zach was on his back on the floor, his blond ponytail streaming on his pillow. Tom was beside him, face turned toward Jenny, one hand stretched toward her. As if he’d reached out in his sleep, unaware of it. Jenny took a moment to look at him. He looked different asleep, very young and vulnerable. At times she loved him so much it was like a physical ache, a pain in her chest. Dee yawned and stretched, sitting up. â€Å"Everybody here?† she said, instantly alert and oriented. â€Å"Then let’s kick Michael and make him get us some breakfast. We’re guests.† Tom pulled his hand away when he woke up, and avoided Jenny’s eyes. â€Å"Do you really think we can get away with it?† Michael asked doubtfully. â€Å"We’ve got to,† Jenny said. â€Å"What else are we going to say to them? ‘I’m sorry; your daughter’s been kidnapped, but don’t worry because we’re going to get her back’?† â€Å"It’ll be all right as long as we get the housekeeper,† Dee said. â€Å"I’ll talk to her while you go upstairs.† â€Å"Then we’ll go by your place,† Jenny said, â€Å"and you can tell your parents you’re staying with me. And Zach can tell his parents he’s staying with Tom, and Tom-â€Å" â€Å"But the question is: will they buy it?† Michael said. â€Å"I mean, we’re not talking about just one night, here. It could be days before we find that base.† â€Å"We’ll tell them we’ve got a school project,† Jenny said, â€Å"and it may take a few nights of working on it. We’ll make them buy it. We have to.† She and Dee and Zach went in Dee’s jeep, while Tom and Michael followed in the RX-7. Tom hadn’t said a word to her all morning, and Jenny tried to hide her left hand whenever she could. She felt as if the ring were a badge of shame. They’d decided to go everywhere together from now on. Nobody was ever to be alone, and whenever possible all five of them were to be in the same place. They pulled up in tandem to Audrey’s house, and Dee and Jenny knocked on the door while the boys watched from the sidewalk. â€Å"Hi, Gabrielle,† Dee said to the housekeeper who answered. â€Å"Are Mr. and Mrs. Myers here? Oh, too bad. Well, could you tell them that Audrey’s going to spend a couple nights with Jenny and me at Jenny’s?† Meanwhile, Jenny speedily headed up the stairs of the stately house and came back a few minutes later with an armful of clothes. â€Å"Audrey just asked me to pick up a few things for her,† she said brightly to Gabrielle, and then she and Dee made a fast retreat, â€Å"Whew!† Dee said when they were back in the jeep. Jenny blinked away tears. Handling Audrey’s clothes had brought the sense of guilt back. But it had to be done. Audrey would never go anywhere overnight without a few different outfits. â€Å"We probably should have taken her car,† Dee said. â€Å"She takes that everywhere, too.† â€Å"Maybe later,† said Jenny. â€Å"I picked up her keys while I was in her bedroom.† â€Å"Next victim,† Zachary said from the back seat. Tom disposed of his parents quickly; he and Michael came out of his Spanish-style house with a bundle of clothes each. â€Å"And a few textbooks,† Michael said. â€Å"For authenticity.† Jenny’s mother was at church. Jenny shouted her message to her father, who was bent over the pool, wrestling with the floating cleaner. â€Å"Gonna stay with Dee for a few days, Dad! We’re working on a big physiology project!† â€Å"Call us occasionally to let us know you’re alive,† her father said, pushing his glasses up by hunching his shoulder and not releasing his grip on the pool cleaner. Jenny gave him one quick frightened glance before she realized it was a joke. Mr. Thornton complained a lot about being the father of a teenager with an active social schedule. She surprised him by running up and kissing his sweaty cheek. â€Å"I will, Daddy. I love you.† Then she ran away again. It was at Zach’s house that they ran into trouble. They were giddy with their previous successes, and not prepared when they pulled up to the mock Tudor house on Quail Run. Jenny went into the garage with Zach while the others talked to Jenny’s aunt Lily. â€Å"You keep your textbooks out here?† â€Å"The art ones. And I figure we might as well bring a flashlight.† He took one off a hook on the wall. Jenny looked around the studio Zach had made in the garage. Being here made her think about Julian, about the time in the paper house when he had impersonated Zach. Flustered, she stared at a print on the wall. It was a giant mural print showing school cafeteria tables stacked in a glorious pyramid, four high and four deep, almost blocking the exit. Zach had taken it last year after she and Tom and Dee and he had stacked the tables one night. They’d left the tables that way for the VGHS staff to find the next morning. Jenny tried to concentrate on the fun of that night, her mind adding color to the gray tones of the picture, but a soft assault on all her senses had begun. She kept seeing Zach’s face in her mind, watching it turn to Julian’s. Feeling the softness of Julian’s hair under her fingers. â€Å"You okay, Jenny? You look kind of red.† â€Å"Oh, no, no, I’m fine.† More flustered than ever, she added hastily, â€Å"So what have you done lately? You haven’t shown me any new prints for a while,† Zach’s shoulders hunched slightly, and he looked away. â€Å"I’ve been busy with other things,† he said. Jenny blinked. That was a new one. Zach too busy for his photos? But she had to make conversation; she was afraid to let the silence go on. â€Å"What’s this?† she said, touching a textbook that lay open on the desk. â€Å"Magritte,† Zach said succinctly. â€Å"Magritte? He was a painter, right?† â€Å"A Belgian surrealist.† Suddenly focused, Zach picked up the textbook. He looked at it almost fiercely, his features sharp. â€Å"Look at this,† he said, opening it to a new page. â€Å"I was thinking about doing something that would catch the same mood. I just wish†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His voice trailed off. Jenny looked and saw an extremely weird picture. It showed a brown pipe, the kind Audrey’s father smoked, with the words This is not a pipe under it. Jenny stared at it, feeling stupid. Beside her, Zach was tense, waiting for her response. â€Å"But-it is a pipe,† she said timidly, tapping her finger on the brown bowl. Zach’s gray eyes were still on the book. â€Å"No, it isn’t.† â€Å"Yes, it is.† â€Å"No, it isn’t. A picture of a pipe is not a pipe.† For a moment she got it-then it slipped away. It made her head hurt, but it also gave her a vaguely excited feeling. Mystical. â€Å"The image isn’t reality,† Zach said quietly but with force. â€Å"Even though we’re used to thinking that way a lot of the time. We show a kid a picture of a dog and say This is a doggie’-but it’s not. It’s just an image.† He glanced at her sideways and added, â€Å"A paper house is not a house.† â€Å"Unless you have somebody who can make an image into reality,† Jenny said, giving him a meaningful glance back. â€Å"Maybe he’s an artist, in a way,† Zach said. He flipped to another page. â€Å"See this? It’s a famous painting.† It was another extremely weird picture, but it took you a moment to see the weirdness. It showed a window in a room, and through the window a pretty landscape. Hills and trees and clouds. Only-it was odd, but under the window were three metal things like the legs of a stand. The legs of an easel, Jenny realized suddenly. There was actually an easel with a canvas on it in front of the window, but the painting on the canvas blended in so exactly with the landscape behind it that it was almost invisible. It left you wondering: Where was the artist who had left the easel? And who could have painted a picture that blended in so exactly with reality, anyway? â€Å"It’s bizarre,† Jenny said. â€Å"I like it.† She smiled at Zach, feeling as if they had a secret. She saw his expression change, and then he looked away, his gray eyes distant. â€Å"It’s important to know the difference between image and reality,† he said softly. He glanced at her sideways again, as if considering whether to tell her another secret. Considering whether she could be trusted. Then he said almost casually, â€Å"You know, I used to think that imaginary worlds were safer than the real one. Then I saw a real imaginary world. And it was-† He stopped. Jenny was startled at his expression. She put her hand on his arm. â€Å"I know.† He looked at her. â€Å"Remember how we used to play in the orchard when we were kids? It didn’t seem important then to know the difference between what’s real and what isn’t. But it’s important now, It’s important to me.† Oh. All at once, Jenny understood. No wonder Zach had been so moody lately. His photography, his art-it wasn’t safe anymore. It had been contaminated by their experience in the Shadow World. For the first time in his life Zach was having to face squarely up to reality. â€Å"That’s why you haven’t done any new prints,† she said. â€Å"Isn’t it, Zach? It’s-it’s artist’s block.† He hunched one shoulder again. â€Å"I just haven’t seen anything I wanted to photograph. I used to see things all the time and want to shoot them-but lately I just don’t care.† â€Å"I’m sorry, Zach.† But I’m glad you told me, Jenny thought. She felt very close to her cousin just then. She went on in a low voice, â€Å"Maybe when this is all over-â€Å" She was cut off by the bang of a door. The quiet moment was shattered. Zach’s father stood in the doorway. He said hello briefly to Jenny, then turned to Zach. â€Å"So here you are,† he said. â€Å"What’s this about you taking off without telling anyone last night?† Jenny had never been sure she liked her uncle Bill. He was a big man, and he had large hairy hands. His face always seemed rather flushed. Zach’s voice was cool and bloodless. â€Å"I just went to spend the night somewhere. Is that a crime?† â€Å"It is when you don’t tell your mother or me.† â€Å"I left a note.† Mr. Taylor’s face got more flushed. â€Å"I’m not talking about a note. I don’t know what’s going on with you anymore. You used to spend most of your time holed up out here†-he gestured around the garage-â€Å"and now you’re gone all the time. Your mother says you think you’re going to spend another night away from home.† â€Å"I’ve got a project to do-â€Å" â€Å"Then you can do it right here. You’re not staying out overnight on a school night. If you think that, you’ve got another think coming.† Jenny’s stomach had a falling-elevator feeling. She opened her mouth, trying to think of something, anything to say. But she could see by her uncle’s face that it wouldn’t do any good. He was as stubborn as Zach; stubborner. The door banged again as he left. Jenny whirled in dismay. â€Å"What are we going to do?† â€Å"Nothing.† Face turned from her, Zach slapped the art book shut and put it back on the pressed-wood shelf. â€Å"But, Zach, we have to-â€Å" â€Å"Look, if you argue with him, he’ll just get madder -and he might start calling around. Do you want him to talk to your parents?† He turned back, and his thin face was calm, although Jenny thought his eyes looked a little sore. â€Å"Don’t rock the boat, Jenny. Maybe he’ll let me come tomorrow.† â€Å"But for tonight-â€Å" â€Å"I’ll be okay. You just-just watch out for yourself, all right?† He moved when Jenny tried to put a hand on his arm and added, â€Å"Tell everybody else what happened, will you? I think I’ll just stay here a while. Do some work.† Jenny’s hand dropped. â€Å"Okay, Zach,† she said softly. She blinked. â€Å"Goodbye. I mean-see you later.† She turned and went quickly out of the garage. â€Å"Now what?† Dee said when they were back at the apartment. They were all quiet, their triumph deflated. â€Å"Now we order some pizza and wait,† Michael said. â€Å"Mid think,† Jenny said. â€Å"*We have to figure out where that base is.† Jenny woke up with a start and thought, iypnopompic hallucination? I think I’m awake, but I’m still dreaming. Mian was leaning over her. â€Å"Tom!† she cried, turning to see him lying on the floor beside her, his breathing deep and even. Her cry didn’t wake him. â€Å"Don’t bother. It’s only a dream. Come in the other room, where we can have a little privacy.† Jenny, who was wearing her own sweatsuit tonight instead of Michael’s, pulled her blanket up higher. Like some Victorian girl in a lacy nightgown. â€Å"You’re crazy,† she told him with dream-calmness. â€Å"If I go in there, you’ll kidnap me.† â€Å"I won’t. I promise.† His teeth gleamed at her briefly, wolflike. â€Å"Remember Perthro?† The rune of gambling, Jenny thought, seeing in her mind’s eye the lines he’d sketched in the air on the night of the prom. The rune of fair play, of sticking to the rules. Meaning he kept his promises, she supposed. Or that he would keep this. Or that he said he would. But he might give me a clue about the base, Jenny thought She and the others hadn’t had much luck figuring it out for themselves. And it was a dream, anyway. She got up and followed him to Michael’s bedroom, where the clock radio said 4:33 a.m. â€Å"Where’s Audrey?† she demanded as he turned to face her. If this had been reality, she would have been frightened of him, maybe too frightened to speak. But it was a dream, and everything she did was governed by dream-logic. â€Å"Safe.† â€Å"But where is she?† â€Å"That would be telling.† His eyes swept over her and he smiled. â€Å"I have to say it; you look equally good in grunge and high fashion.† It wasn’t a dream. The way he disturbed and excited Jenny was too real. By Michael’s bedside lamp she could see his eyes, which at the prom had been shadowed by his mask. She had finally figured out what color they were. It was the blue you see when you’re washing your face in the shower and your fingers press on your closed lids. You see filaments of brightness etched against the black, more vibrant than electric blue. A color that isn’t really in the wavelengths of light that the human eye can perceive. The color Jenny had seen in afterimage when the computer flashed, Jenny looked away, simultaneously holding out her hand to him. â€Å"I want this off, please. Just until the Game is over, take the ring off.† He took her hand instead, stroking her palm with his thumb. â€Å"Is it making Tommy nervous?† â€Å"No-I don’t know. I don’t like it.† She looked at him again, trying to pull her hand away. His fingers were cooler than Tom’s, but just as strong. â€Å"I hate you, you know,† she said earnestly. She couldn’t see why he never seemed to understand this. â€Å"You make me hate you.† â€Å"Is that what you’re feeling? Hate?† Jenny was trembling. Stubbornly she nodded. Very gently he reeled her in by the captive hand, drawing her to him. She’d been wrong. He wasn’t as strong as Tom; he was stronger. Fight or scream? Jenny thought. But he was so close now. She could feel the movement of his breathing. Her heart was beating in the base of her throat. She could feel her eyes widen as she looked up at him. His expression made her stomach flutter. â€Å"What are you going to do?† â€Å"I’m going to kiss you †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Oh, was that all? â€Å"†¦ until you faint.† Then shadows seemed to fill all the corners of the room and close in about her. But some part of her mind still had strength. She didn’t faint, although her legs went weak again. She pushed him away. â€Å"You’re evil,† she whispered. â€Å"How do you think I could ever love something evil? Unless I’m evil, too†¦.† She was beginning to wonder about this. But he laughed. â€Å"There is no good and evil, only black and white. But either black or white on its own is boring, Jenny. If you mix them you get so many colors-so many colors†¦ .† She turned away. She heard him pick something up, one of Michael’s books. â€Å"Here,† he said. â€Å"Have you read this one?† It was a poem, â€Å"The Human Condition† by Howard Nemerov. Jenny’s eyes skimmed over it, not really understanding any of it. It muddled her. â€Å"It’s about world and thought,† Julian explained. â€Å"World being the world, you see, and thought being-everything else. Image. As opposed to reality.† He smiled at her. â€Å"That’s a hint, incidentally.† Jenny was still muddled. She couldn’t seem to focus on the poem, and she was strangely tired. Like the old hypnotist’s saying, her eyes were heavy. Her whole body felt warm and heavy. Julian put his arms around her, supporting her, â€Å"You’d better wake up now.† â€Å"You mean I’d better go to sleep.† â€Å"I mean wake up. If you don’t want to be late.† She felt his lips on her forehead and realized her eyes were shut. She had to open them †¦ she had to open her eyes†¦ But she was drifting, somewhere dark and silent and warm. Just drifting †¦ floating †¦ Some time later Jenny forced her eyes open. Blinked. She was lying on Michael’s living room floor. It had been a dream after all. But beside her was an open book, facedown. Contemporary Poetry. Jenny picked it up and saw the poem Julian had shown her. Now that she was awake and thinking clearly, the poem made more sense; it was even vaguely exciting, But she didn’t have time to appreciate it; her eye fixed on certain words and her heart began to pound. Once I saw world and thought exactly meet, But only in a picture by Magritte. †¦ The poem went on about the picture of a picture by Magritte-the one Zach had shown Jenny. The one of a painting that stood in front of an open window, matching the landscape outside exactly. Fitting in like a puzzle piece, standing alone in an empty room. Magritte, Jenny thought. Oh, God! An empty room. Dropping the book, she seized Tom’s shoulder. â€Å"Tom! Tom, get up! Dee! Michael! It’s Zach!† How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 11, Essay examples

Execution of Organizations Strategic Plan †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Execution of Organizations Strategic Plan. Answer: Introduction The organizational change depends on the changes of the people associated with the organization. The organizational change usually takes place when the employees understand the potential value of the changing scenario. The leaders play the significant role in managing people during the organizational change (Vernizzi, Zanoni and Russ 2015). The study will explore the revolutionary change led by Sergio Marchionne in Fiat and Chrysler. Sergio Marchionne has the dual citizenships in Italy and Canada. Having degrees in philosophy, MBA, and law, he started working as an account and he was appointed in the printing and chemical industry. He became the CEO of Fiat in 2004 without having the proper experiments in the automobile industry. The massive success in Fiat and Chrysler is much remarkable since the time he was appointed as the CEO. His major motif was to help the managers instead of making decisions. He is much responsible towards his job and associates. He took the training and deve lopment process, proper communication and coaching plan for helping the managers to achieve the objective. The study will thus disclose the information regarding these change levers in fiat and Chrysler. There are five significant levers that drive change within the organizations. The first lever is communication plan, which signifies the establishment of the high frequency messages among all departments of the organization (Zanoni, Vernizzi and D'anna 2014). The maintenance of the transparent communication with the sequential process would be helpful to drive the change in a significant way. Second, sponsorship roadmap, which focuses on three major components, such as proactive and visible participation, establishment of coalition of support with each level, and direct communication with the employees. Third is coaching plan, which takes places between the supervisor and the employees (Maielli 2015). If necessary, the supervisor will provide the proper coaching to the employees in order to make them adaptive towards change. Sergio Marchionne has been following this lever of change to help the managers. Fourth is the training plan that is an intervention of building capabilities and skills. The training process makes the employees more competent to cope with the upcoming changes. The final lever is resistance management plan that determines a natural reaction (Hornstein 2015). The resistance to change can be sometimes the obstacles for ensuring the successful change. At the initial stage of joining Fiat, Sergio Marchionne observed that the company was under the unprofitable management style. He even found out that the managers were much reluctant to perform their responsibilities and they were quite dependent on the decision of the CEO. After identifying the situation, he decided to communicate with the managers (Ameri and Awad 2016). He even recognized that the traditional career progression to senior management position is based on the engineering. He then decided to introduce the talent management to make the managers aware of their responsibilities. Ensuring the personal interest of the managers, he started engaging them towards the organizational functionalities. Even in case of Chrysler, it has been found that the company had undergone bankruptcy in the year of 2009. The changes in the management style, leadership attributes, and hierarchy level made him succeed in accomplishing the business goals in Chrysler (Navaretti, Ottaviano and Trent inaglia 2014). The change program failed due to the reluctant nature of the managers to take the responsibilities. They are much inclined towards the upward decisions of the CEO. However, identifying such issues, Sergio Marchionne started establishing the communication transparency and hired young engineers in Chrysler. It was noted that these people needed to provide the details to the upper management. In fact, Sergio Marchionne had paid attention on building the capacity of the workers by providing them the proper training and development session. Eventually, the management style and the work functionalities started changing (Bertoldi et al., 2015). It was quite difficult at the initial stage to manage the entire workforce with the whole new concept of leadership attributes and new management style. It has been observed that Sergio Marchionne has taken the soft approaches of communicating with the managers and the other supervisors to make the proactive move in their capacity building. They were invited to provide the unique ideas that can be beneficial for the company. On the other hand, the hard approach was to provide the proper training to the associated engineers (Krug, Wright and Kroll 2014). Sergio Marchionne did not have the proper experience in automobile industry. However, the movement he took to engage more young engineers and provide them the proper training was much commendable. Recommendations It is to be indicated that Sergio Marchionne is looking forward to earn more profit to the business. The change management planning is based on such objective. However, it is even important to ensure some of the major recommendation for the future success of the company. First, the Sergio Marchionne needs to reject the idea about the continuous expansion of the Jeep car of Chrysler in different countries. The continuous expansion affects the brand value in a significant way that may reduce the profit revenue of the company. Second, Sergio Marchionne should concentrate more on the strategic decision making process to ensure more profitability for the future. Accomplishing such goals would be much beneficial for the future prospects. Third, allocating the resources in a significant way is also much necessary. Paying attention to these recommendations would ensure more profitability in the future. Conclusion Sergio Marchionne, the efficient CEO recognized the ineffective management settings of Fiat and Chrysler. The CEO observed that the major reason behind such failure is the inefficient coordination between the managers and the employees. It was noticed that the managers were much dependent on the upward decision instead of performing their responsibilities. Sergio Marchionne arranged the talent management process to ensure the changes in the management style and leadership. Making the hard and soft approaches towards the change management aspect is considerably the effective initiatives for the betterment of the future of the company. However, it is also necessary to keep the focus on the change resistance that can be the major obstacles for the future prospects. References Ameri, A. and Awad, T.Z., 2016. The Roles of the Project Management Office In The Execution of the Organizations Strategic Plan. Bertoldi, B., Giachino, C., Bernard, S. and Prudenza, V., 2015. Fiat-Chrysler deal: looking for a good returns from M A.Journal of Business Strategy,36(4), pp.23-33. Hornstein, H.A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.291-298. Krug, J.A., Wright, P. and Kroll, M.J., 2014. Top management turnover following mergers and acquisitions: solid research to date but still much to be learned.The Academy of Management Perspectives,28(2), pp.147-163.. Maielli, G., 2015. Explaining organizational paths through the concept of hegemony: Evidence from the Italian car industry. Navaretti, G.B., Ottaviano, G. and Trentinaglia, M.T., 2014.Fiat Chrysler and the future of industry(No. 434). Centre for Economic Performance, LSE. Vernizzi, S., Zanoni, A.B. and Russ, M., 2015. Strategic Inertia vs. Strategic Change: The Role of Human Capital in.Quantitative Multidisciplinary Approaches in Human Capital and Asset Management, p.123. Zanoni, A.B., Vernizzi, S. and D'anna, E.P., 2014. What about Strategic Options? Lessons from Fiat's Turnaround.International Journal of Business and Social Science,5(6).